# Copyright (c) 2012 Denis Bilenko. See LICENSE for details. from __future__ import absolute_import from __future__ import division from __future__ import print_function import os import sys from greenlet import greenlet as RawGreenlet from gevent import monkey from gevent._compat import integer_types from gevent.event import AsyncResult from gevent.exceptions import InvalidThreadUseError from gevent.greenlet import Greenlet from gevent._hub_local import get_hub_if_exists from gevent.hub import _get_hub_noargs as get_hub from gevent.hub import getcurrent from gevent.hub import sleep from gevent.lock import Semaphore from gevent.pool import GroupMappingMixin from gevent.util import clear_stack_frames from gevent._threading import Queue from gevent._threading import start_new_thread from gevent._threading import get_thread_ident __all__ = [ 'ThreadPool', 'ThreadResult', ] def _format_hub(hub): if hub is None: return '' return '<%s at 0x%x thread_ident=0x%x>' % ( hub.__class__.__name__, id(hub), hub.thread_ident ) class _WorkerGreenlet(RawGreenlet): # Exists to produce a more useful repr for worker pool # threads/greenlets, and manage the communication of the worker # thread with the threadpool. # Inform the gevent.util.GreenletTree that this should be # considered the root (for printing purposes) greenlet_tree_is_root = True _thread_ident = 0 _exc_info = sys.exc_info _get_hub_if_exists = staticmethod(get_hub_if_exists) # We capture the hub each time through the loop in case its created # so we can destroy it after a fork. _hub_of_worker = None # The hub of the threadpool we're working for. Just for info. _hub = None # A cookie passed to task_queue.get() _task_queue_cookie = None def __init__(self, threadpool): # Construct in the main thread (owner of the threadpool) # The parent greenlet and thread identifier will be set once the # new thread begins running. RawGreenlet.__init__(self) self._hub = threadpool.hub # Avoid doing any imports in the background thread if it's not # necessary (monkey.get_original imports if not patched). # Background imports can hang Python 2 (gevent's thread resolver runs in the BG, # and resolving may have to import the idna module, which needs an import lock, so # resolving at module scope) if monkey.is_module_patched('sys'): stderr = monkey.get_original('sys', 'stderr') else: stderr = sys.stderr self._stderr = stderr # We can capture the task_queue; even though it can change if the threadpool # is re-innitted, we won't be running in that case self._task_queue = threadpool.task_queue # type:gevent._threading.Queue self._task_queue_cookie = self._task_queue.allocate_cookie() self._unregister_worker = threadpool._unregister_worker threadpool._register_worker(self) try: start_new_thread(self._begin, ()) except: self._unregister_worker(self) raise def _begin(self, _get_c=getcurrent, _get_ti=get_thread_ident): # Pass arguments to avoid accessing globals during module shutdown. # we're in the new thread (but its root greenlet). Establish invariants and get going # by making this the current greenlet. self.parent = _get_c() # pylint:disable=attribute-defined-outside-init self._thread_ident = _get_ti() # ignore the parent attribute. (We can't set parent to None.) self.parent.greenlet_tree_is_ignored = True try: self.switch() # goto run() except: # pylint:disable=bare-except # run() will attempt to print any exceptions, but that might # not work during shutdown. sys.excepthook and such may be gone, # so things might not get printed at all except for a cryptic # message. This is especially true on Python 2 (doesn't seem to be # an issue on Python 3). pass def __fixup_hub_before_block(self): hub = self._get_hub_if_exists() # Don't create one; only set if a worker function did it if hub is not None: hub.name = 'ThreadPool Worker Hub' # While we block, don't let the monitoring thread, if any, # report us as blocked. Indeed, so long as we never # try to switch greenlets, don't report us as blocked--- # the threadpool is *meant* to run blocking tasks if hub is not None and hub.periodic_monitoring_thread is not None: hub.periodic_monitoring_thread.ignore_current_greenlet_blocking() self._hub_of_worker = hub @staticmethod def __print_tb(tb, stderr): # Extracted from traceback to avoid accessing any module # globals (these sometimes happen during interpreter shutdown; # see test__subprocess_interrupted) while tb is not None: f = tb.tb_frame lineno = tb.tb_lineno co = f.f_code filename = co.co_filename name = co.co_name print(' File "%s", line %d, in %s' % (filename, lineno, name), file=stderr) tb = tb.tb_next def __run_task(self, func, args, kwargs, thread_result): try: thread_result.set(func(*args, **kwargs)) except: # pylint:disable=bare-except thread_result.handle_error((self, func), self._exc_info()) finally: del func, args, kwargs, thread_result def run(self): # pylint:disable=too-many-branches task = None exc_info = sys.exc_info fixup_hub_before_block = self.__fixup_hub_before_block task_queue_get = self._task_queue.get task_queue_cookie = self._task_queue_cookie run_task = self.__run_task task_queue_done = self._task_queue.task_done try: # pylint:disable=too-many-nested-blocks while 1: # tiny bit faster than True on Py2 fixup_hub_before_block() task = task_queue_get(task_queue_cookie) try: if task is None: return run_task(*task) except: task = repr(task) raise finally: task = None if not isinstance(task, str) else task task_queue_done() except Exception as e: # pylint:disable=broad-except print( "Failed to run worker thread. Task=%r Exception=%r" % ( task, e ), file=self._stderr) self.__print_tb(exc_info()[-1], self._stderr) finally: # Re-check for the hub in case the task created it but then # failed. self.cleanup(self._get_hub_if_exists()) def cleanup(self, hub_of_worker): if self._hub is not None: self._hub = None self._unregister_worker(self) self._unregister_worker = lambda _: None self._task_queue = None self._task_queue_cookie = None if hub_of_worker is not None: hub_of_worker.destroy(True) def __repr__(self, _format_hub=_format_hub): return "" % ( id(self), self._thread_ident, _format_hub(self._hub) ) class ThreadPool(GroupMappingMixin): """ A pool of native worker threads. This can be useful for CPU intensive functions, or those that otherwise will not cooperate with gevent. The best functions to execute in a thread pool are small functions with a single purpose; ideally they release the CPython GIL. Such functions are extension functions implemented in C. It implements the same operations as a :class:`gevent.pool.Pool`, but using threads instead of greenlets. .. note:: The method :meth:`apply_async` will always return a new greenlet, bypassing the threadpool entirely. Most users will not need to create instances of this class. Instead, use the threadpool already associated with gevent's hub:: pool = gevent.get_hub().threadpool result = pool.spawn(lambda: "Some func").get() .. important:: It is only possible to use instances of this class from the thread running their hub. Typically that means from the thread that created them. Using the pattern shown above takes care of this. There is no gevent-provided way to have a single process-wide limit on the number of threads in various pools when doing that, however. The suggested way to use gevent and threadpools is to have a single gevent hub and its one threadpool (which is the default without doing any extra work). Only dispatch minimal blocking functions to the threadpool, functions that do not use the gevent hub. The `len` of instances of this class is the number of enqueued (unfinished) tasks. .. caution:: Instances of this class are only true if they have unfinished tasks. .. versionchanged:: 1.5a3 The undocumented ``apply_e`` function, deprecated since 1.1, was removed. """ __slots__ = ( 'hub', '_maxsize', # A Greenlet that runs to adjust the number of worker # threads. 'manager', # The PID of the process we were created in. # Used to help detect a fork and then re-create # internal state. 'pid', 'fork_watcher', # A semaphore initialized with ``maxsize`` counting the # number of available worker threads we have. As a # gevent.lock.Semaphore, this is only safe to use from a single # native thread. '_available_worker_threads_greenlet_sem', # A set of running or pending _WorkerGreenlet objects; # we rely on the GIL for thread safety. '_worker_greenlets', # The task queue is itself safe to use from multiple # native threads. 'task_queue', ) def __init__(self, maxsize, hub=None): if hub is None: hub = get_hub() self.hub = hub self.pid = os.getpid() self.manager = None self.task_queue = Queue() self.fork_watcher = None self._worker_greenlets = set() self._maxsize = 0 # Note that by starting with 1, we actually allow # maxsize + 1 tasks in the queue. self._available_worker_threads_greenlet_sem = Semaphore(1, hub) self._set_maxsize(maxsize) self.fork_watcher = hub.loop.fork(ref=False) def _register_worker(self, worker): self._worker_greenlets.add(worker) def _unregister_worker(self, worker): self._worker_greenlets.discard(worker) def _set_maxsize(self, maxsize): if not isinstance(maxsize, integer_types): raise TypeError('maxsize must be integer: %r' % (maxsize, )) if maxsize < 0: raise ValueError('maxsize must not be negative: %r' % (maxsize, )) difference = maxsize - self._maxsize self._available_worker_threads_greenlet_sem.counter += difference self._maxsize = maxsize self.adjust() # make sure all currently blocking spawn() start unlocking if maxsize increased self._available_worker_threads_greenlet_sem._start_notify() def _get_maxsize(self): return self._maxsize maxsize = property(_get_maxsize, _set_maxsize, doc="""\ The maximum allowed number of worker threads. This is also (approximately) a limit on the number of tasks that can be queued without blocking the waiting greenlet. If this many tasks are already running, then the next greenlet that submits a task will block waiting for a task to finish. """) def __repr__(self, _format_hub=_format_hub): return '<%s at 0x%x tasks=%s size=%s maxsize=%s hub=%s>' % ( self.__class__.__name__, id(self), len(self), self.size, self.maxsize, _format_hub(self.hub), ) def __len__(self): # XXX just do unfinished_tasks property # Note that this becomes the boolean value of this class, # that's probably not what we want! return self.task_queue.unfinished_tasks def _get_size(self): return len(self._worker_greenlets) def _set_size(self, size): if size < 0: raise ValueError('Size of the pool cannot be negative: %r' % (size, )) if size > self._maxsize: raise ValueError('Size of the pool cannot be bigger than maxsize: %r > %r' % (size, self._maxsize)) if self.manager: self.manager.kill() while len(self._worker_greenlets) < size: self._add_thread() delay = self.hub.loop.approx_timer_resolution while len(self._worker_greenlets) > size: while len(self._worker_greenlets) - size > self.task_queue.unfinished_tasks: self.task_queue.put(None) if getcurrent() is self.hub: break sleep(delay) delay = min(delay * 2, .05) if self._worker_greenlets: self.fork_watcher.start(self._on_fork) else: self.fork_watcher.stop() size = property(_get_size, _set_size, doc="""\ The number of running pooled worker threads. Setting this attribute will add or remove running worker threads, up to `maxsize`. Initially there are no pooled running worker threads, and threads are created on demand to satisfy concurrent requests up to `maxsize` threads. """) def _on_fork(self): # fork() only leaves one thread; also screws up locks; # let's re-create locks and threads, and do our best to # clean up any worker threads left behind. # NOTE: See comment in gevent.hub.reinit. pid = os.getpid() if pid != self.pid: # The OS threads have been destroyed, but the Python # objects may live on, creating refcount "leaks". Python 2 # leaves dead frames (those that are for dead OS threads) # around; Python 3.8 does not. thread_ident_to_frame = dict(sys._current_frames()) for worker in list(self._worker_greenlets): frame = thread_ident_to_frame.get(worker._thread_ident) clear_stack_frames(frame) worker.cleanup(worker._hub_of_worker) # We can't throw anything to the greenlet, nor can we # switch to it or set a parent. Those would all be cross-thread # operations, which aren't allowed. worker.__dict__.clear() # We've cleared f_locals and on Python 3.4, possibly the actual # array locals of the stack frame, but the task queue may still be # referenced if we didn't actually get all the locals. Shut it down # and clear it before we throw away our reference. self.task_queue.kill() self.__init__(self._maxsize) def join(self): """Waits until all outstanding tasks have been completed.""" delay = max(0.0005, self.hub.loop.approx_timer_resolution) while self.task_queue.unfinished_tasks > 0: sleep(delay) delay = min(delay * 2, .05) def kill(self): self.size = 0 self.fork_watcher.close() def _adjust_step(self): # if there is a possibility & necessity for adding a thread, do it while (len(self._worker_greenlets) < self._maxsize and self.task_queue.unfinished_tasks > len(self._worker_greenlets)): self._add_thread() # while the number of threads is more than maxsize, kill one # we do not check what's already in task_queue - it could be all Nones while len(self._worker_greenlets) - self._maxsize > self.task_queue.unfinished_tasks: self.task_queue.put(None) if self._worker_greenlets: self.fork_watcher.start(self._on_fork) elif self.fork_watcher is not None: self.fork_watcher.stop() def _adjust_wait(self): delay = 0.0001 while True: self._adjust_step() if len(self._worker_greenlets) <= self._maxsize: return sleep(delay) delay = min(delay * 2, .05) def adjust(self): self._adjust_step() if not self.manager and len(self._worker_greenlets) > self._maxsize: # might need to feed more Nones into the pool to shutdown # threads. self.manager = Greenlet.spawn(self._adjust_wait) def _add_thread(self): _WorkerGreenlet(self) def spawn(self, func, *args, **kwargs): """ Add a new task to the threadpool that will run ``func(*args, **kwargs)``. Waits until a slot is available. Creates a new native thread if necessary. This must only be called from the native thread that owns this object's hub. This is because creating the necessary data structures to communicate back to this thread isn't thread safe, so the hub must not be running something else. Also, ensuring the pool size stays correct only works within a single thread. :return: A :class:`gevent.event.AsyncResult`. :raises InvalidThreadUseError: If called from a different thread. .. versionchanged:: 1.5 Document the thread-safety requirements. """ if self.hub != get_hub(): raise InvalidThreadUseError while 1: semaphore = self._available_worker_threads_greenlet_sem semaphore.acquire() if semaphore is self._available_worker_threads_greenlet_sem: # If we were asked to change size or re-init we could have changed # semaphore objects. break # Returned; lets a greenlet in this thread wait # for the pool thread. Signaled when the async watcher # is fired from the pool thread back into this thread. result = AsyncResult() task_queue = self.task_queue # Encapsulates the async watcher the worker thread uses to # call back into this thread. Immediately allocates and starts the # async watcher in this thread, because it uses this hub/loop, # which is not thread safe. thread_result = None try: thread_result = ThreadResult(result, self.hub, semaphore.release) task_queue.put((func, args, kwargs, thread_result)) self.adjust() except: if thread_result is not None: thread_result.destroy_in_main_thread() semaphore.release() raise return result def _apply_immediately(self): # If we're being called from a different thread than the one that # created us, e.g., because a worker task is trying to use apply() # recursively, we have no choice but to run the task immediately; # if we try to AsyncResult.get() in the worker thread, it's likely to have # nothing to switch to and lead to a LoopExit. return get_hub() is not self.hub def _apply_async_cb_spawn(self, callback, result): callback(result) def _apply_async_use_greenlet(self): # Always go to Greenlet because our self.spawn uses threads return True class _FakeAsync(object): def send(self): pass close = stop = send def __call_(self, result): "fake out for 'receiver'" def __bool__(self): return False __nonzero__ = __bool__ _FakeAsync = _FakeAsync() class ThreadResult(object): """ A one-time event for cross-thread communication. Uses a hub's "async" watcher capability; it must be constructed and destroyed in the thread running the hub (because creating, starting, and destroying async watchers isn't guaranteed to be thread safe). """ # Using slots here helps to debug reference cycles/leaks __slots__ = ('exc_info', 'async_watcher', '_call_when_ready', 'value', 'context', 'hub', 'receiver') def __init__(self, receiver, hub, call_when_ready): self.receiver = receiver self.hub = hub self.context = None self.value = None self.exc_info = () self.async_watcher = hub.loop.async_() self._call_when_ready = call_when_ready self.async_watcher.start(self._on_async) @property def exception(self): return self.exc_info[1] if self.exc_info else None def _on_async(self): # Called in the hub thread. aw = self.async_watcher self.async_watcher = _FakeAsync aw.stop() aw.close() # Typically this is pool.semaphore.release and we have to # call this in the Hub; if we don't we get the dreaded # LoopExit (XXX: Why?) try: self._call_when_ready() if self.exc_info: self.hub.handle_error(self.context, *self.exc_info) self.context = None self.async_watcher = _FakeAsync self.hub = None self._call_when_ready = _FakeAsync self.receiver(self) finally: self.receiver = _FakeAsync self.value = None if self.exc_info: self.exc_info = (self.exc_info[0], self.exc_info[1], None) def destroy_in_main_thread(self): """ This must only be called from the thread running the hub. """ self.async_watcher.stop() self.async_watcher.close() self.async_watcher = _FakeAsync self.context = None self.hub = None self._call_when_ready = _FakeAsync self.receiver = _FakeAsync def set(self, value): self.value = value self.async_watcher.send() def handle_error(self, context, exc_info): self.context = context self.exc_info = exc_info self.async_watcher.send() # link protocol: def successful(self): return self.exception is None try: import concurrent.futures except ImportError: pass else: __all__.append("ThreadPoolExecutor") from gevent.timeout import Timeout as GTimeout from gevent._util import Lazy from concurrent.futures import _base as cfb def _ignore_error(future_proxy, fn): def cbwrap(_): del _ # We're called with the async result (from the threadpool), but # be sure to pass in the user-visible _FutureProxy object.. try: fn(future_proxy) except Exception: # pylint: disable=broad-except # Just print, don't raise to the hub's parent. future_proxy.hub.print_exception((fn, future_proxy), None, None, None) return cbwrap def _wrap(future_proxy, fn): def f(_): fn(future_proxy) return f class _FutureProxy(object): def __init__(self, asyncresult): self.asyncresult = asyncresult # Internal implementation details of a c.f.Future @Lazy def _condition(self): if monkey.is_module_patched('threading') or self.done(): import threading return threading.Condition() # We can only properly work with conditions # when we've been monkey-patched. This is necessary # for the wait/as_completed module functions. raise AttributeError("_condition") @Lazy def _waiters(self): self.asyncresult.rawlink(self.__when_done) return [] def __when_done(self, _): # We should only be called when _waiters has # already been accessed. waiters = getattr(self, '_waiters') for w in waiters: # pylint:disable=not-an-iterable if self.successful(): w.add_result(self) else: w.add_exception(self) @property def _state(self): if self.done(): return cfb.FINISHED return cfb.RUNNING def set_running_or_notify_cancel(self): # Does nothing, not even any consistency checks. It's # meant to be internal to the executor and we don't use it. return def result(self, timeout=None): try: return self.asyncresult.result(timeout=timeout) except GTimeout: # XXX: Theoretically this could be a completely # unrelated timeout instance. Do we care about that? raise concurrent.futures.TimeoutError() def exception(self, timeout=None): try: self.asyncresult.get(timeout=timeout) return self.asyncresult.exception except GTimeout: raise concurrent.futures.TimeoutError() def add_done_callback(self, fn): """Exceptions raised by *fn* are ignored.""" if self.done(): fn(self) else: self.asyncresult.rawlink(_ignore_error(self, fn)) def rawlink(self, fn): self.asyncresult.rawlink(_wrap(self, fn)) def __str__(self): return str(self.asyncresult) def __getattr__(self, name): return getattr(self.asyncresult, name) class ThreadPoolExecutor(concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor): """ A version of :class:`concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` that always uses native threads, even when threading is monkey-patched. The ``Future`` objects returned from this object can be used with gevent waiting primitives like :func:`gevent.wait`. .. caution:: If threading is *not* monkey-patched, then the ``Future`` objects returned by this object are not guaranteed to work with :func:`~concurrent.futures.as_completed` and :func:`~concurrent.futures.wait`. The individual blocking methods like :meth:`~concurrent.futures.Future.result` and :meth:`~concurrent.futures.Future.exception` will always work. .. versionadded:: 1.2a1 This is a provisional API. """ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Takes the same arguments as ``concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecuter``, which vary between Python versions. The first argument is always *max_workers*, the maximum number of threads to use. Most other arguments, while accepted, are ignored. """ super(ThreadPoolExecutor, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self._threadpool = ThreadPool(self._max_workers) def submit(self, fn, *args, **kwargs): # pylint:disable=arguments-differ with self._shutdown_lock: # pylint:disable=not-context-manager if self._shutdown: raise RuntimeError('cannot schedule new futures after shutdown') future = self._threadpool.spawn(fn, *args, **kwargs) return _FutureProxy(future) def shutdown(self, wait=True, **kwargs): # pylint:disable=arguments-differ # In 3.9, this added ``cancel_futures=False`` super(ThreadPoolExecutor, self).shutdown(wait, **kwargs) # XXX: We don't implement wait properly kill = getattr(self._threadpool, 'kill', None) if kill: # pylint:disable=using-constant-test self._threadpool.kill() self._threadpool = None kill = shutdown # greentest compat def _adjust_thread_count(self): # Does nothing. We don't want to spawn any "threads", # let the threadpool handle that. pass